Codish Lexicon

number — concept: a whole, natural, integer, real, or complex numeric value.   a transitive function that returns the corresponding number, usually limited to a subset of the real domain like int or float. ✍

whole — pertains to number values that are positive, but not zero.   distinct: natural, integer, uint   mentioned: digit ✍

natural — pertains to number values that are positive or zero.   natural numbers have arbitrary magnitude.   distinct: integer, whole, uint   mentioned: abs, binary, digit, unsigned ✍

integer — pertains to number values that are positive, negative, and zero, but have no mantissa.   integers have arbitrary magnitude.   distinct: int   distinct: natural, whole   mentioned: abs, bitwise, genericity, pointer, rational, real, ref ✍

real — a number that may have both integer and mantissa components, both with both arbitrary precission and magnitude.   distinct: rational, float, fixed   python: complex: the real part of a complex number.†   mentioned: cardinality ✍

complex — a number that may have both real and imaginary components, both of arbitrary precision and magnitude.   python: complex(real[, imag]) -> complex number Create a complex number from a real part and an optional imaginary part. This is equivalent to (real + imag*1j) where imag defaults to 0.†   mentioned: imag ✍

value — data of any class.   see: def, variable   aka: datum   related: dict ✍

transitive function — concept: a unary function that consistently returns the corresponding value in a range for a given key in a domain.   distinct: relation, binary relation, transitive relation ✍

int — a magnitude-limited integer.   a constructor or transitive function for an integer type that may convert strings to integers in a given radix or default to 10, or round floating point or decimal numbers with floor.   a linear ordered collection of bits of fixed length. if iterating an integer as a bit vector is supported by a language, it starts from the little end, the lowest magnitude, bit 0.   related: floor, ceil   classes: nyble, byte, signed, unsigned, int16, int32, int64, uint16, uint32, uint64   python: int(x[, base]) -> integer Convert a string or number to an integer, if possible. A floating point argument will be truncated towards zero (this does not include a string representation of a floating point number!) When converting a string, use the optional base. It is an error to supply a base when converting a non-string. If the argument is outside the integer range a long object will be returned instead.†   perl: [number]: get the integer portion of a number†   distinct: integer   aka: word   mentioned: char, long, short, symbol, uint ✍

float — a floating precision number.   opposite: fixed   see: mantissa, exp   python: float(x) -> floating point number Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible.†   distinct: real   mentioned: int ✍

abs — absolute value.   returns the positive reflection of negative integers, returning positive numbers as they were.   a transitive function that maps integers into the natural number line.   distinct: absolute   is: stateless, idempotent   related: neg   python: abs(number) -> number Return the absolute value of the argument.†   perl: [number]: absolute value function†   php: absolute value &dagger.   distinct: pos   related: positive ✍

angle — a unitless number, measured in radians, for expressing the direction of a ray from a point on a plane.   related: trig   mentioned: atan, atan2, cos, sin, tan ✍

binary — describes functions that take two parameters.   a natural number of any magnitude represented in radix 2.   distinct: boolean, bitwise, logical, bin   latin: binal   distinct: bool   related: bit ✍

cardinality — math: size, magnitude, length, thus cardinality values are in the domain of zero and positive real numbers.   see: cardinal, length ✍

char — a character in text, associated with a codepoint number of arbitrary precision, albeit from the ascii, unicode, or any other charset.   a transitive function that coerces numbers and chars to chars.   c: often stored in a wchar_t int class.   aka: character, chr   distinct: byte, character   classes: letter ✍

Length of chars in bits for some charsets

charset	bit length
ascii	7
eascii	8
ucs2	16
ucs4	32
utf8	8-32
utf16	16-32

charset — a transitive function of codepoint numbers to corresponding glyphs.   aka: encoding   mentioned: char ✍

codepoint — a number that corresponds to a glyph in the unicode table.   a transitive function that converts a character to its corresponding codepoint.   aka: ord   aka: code   related: unicode   mentioned: charset, font ✍

complexity function — a relation pertaining to collection algorithms that has the character of the relation from the number of values a collection has to the amount of time the algorithm will run. complexity relations are normalized for quick comparison of the character of algorithms as the size of their collection increases by reducing all additive constants and multiplicative factors to 1, and omitting logarithmic bases since all logarimic bases create curves that vary only by a multiplicative factor.   mentioned: constant time, cube time, exponential time, linear logarithmic time, linear time, logarithmic time, non polynomial time, square time ✍

count — a stateful destructive operation that returns the number of values in an iteration.   distinct: length   python: list: L.count(value) -> integer return number of occurrences of value.†   python: str: S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.†   python: unicode: S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in Unicode string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.†   php: count all elements in an array, or properties in an object &dagger.   distinct: len   pertains: iterable   mentioned: fewest, most, range ✍

depth — the number of edges that follow from the root of a tree to a given vertex.   distinct: length, width, height   mentioned: complete ✍

digit — a place value.   returns the value at a particular place-value of a number in a given radix.   a natural number that is less than the radix, that may correspond to the whole number value of a particular order of magnitude in any number.   usually, a single character of the string representation of a number.   aka: vec   mentioned: hex, magnitude, nyble, oct, precision, radix36, radix64 ✍

expand — to expand tab characters to visually equivalent spaces in a string for a given tab step length, like 4, and optionally a given initial column number.   opposite: unexpand   distinct: format   see: format ✍

fixed — a fixed precision number.   opposite: float   see: mantissa, exp   distinct: real ✍

hash — to produce a deterministic or consistent scalar value from an object for the purpose of fast storage and retrieval in a hash array for unordered linear collections like dict and bag. ideally, a hash is often a psuedo random number produced by seeding a random number generator with numeric data intrinsic to the object in question.   perl: the perl %hash type is a dict, in codish parlance.   python: hash(object) -> integer Return a hash value for the object. Two objects with the same value have the same hash value. The reverse is not necessarily true, but likely.†   php: generate a hash value (message digest) &dagger.   aka: hash function ✍

index — a key number for an ordered linear collection.   finds the first value that matches a given value and returns its key number. otherwise returns -1 to indicate failure.   opposite: last index   aka: offset, pos   python: list: L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.†   python: str: S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.†   python: unicode: S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.†   perl: [string]: find a substring within a string†   distinct: find, pos ✍

last index — finds the last value that matches a given value and returns its key number. otherwise returns -1 to indicate failure.   opposite: index   mentioned: ondex ✍

magnitude — the floor of the logarithm of a number in its radix add 1, signifying the number of digits it contains to the left of the decimal point.   opposite: precision ✍

mantissa — the portion of a number representation that follows after the period, in any radix.   aka: fixed, float   mentioned: integer, precision, rational, real ✍

matrix — an ordered planar collection of numbers with certain algebraic properties and pertinent functions.   a matrix is not ragged.   a rectilinear list of lists of numbers with certain algebraic properties.   distinct: table   mentioned: math, unit ✍

nominal — a value, usually a number, that has a corresponding name in an enumeration (enumerate).   a number that indicates an identity.   nominal values are ordinal by default, but may be cardinal.   related: cardinal, ordinal ✍

oct — a number of radix 8, with 3-bit digits.   to convert a number from an octal string representation.   latin: octal   related: bin, dec, hex, hextri   python: oct(number) -> string Return the octal representation of an integer or long integer.†   perl: [number]: convert a string to an octal number†   aka: octal, radix ✍

order of magnitude — concept: a number referring to the magnitude of a digit in a particular radix, usually 10.   aka: place value ✍

plot — a graphic that shows points, lines, or surfaces with number values in relationship to their respective dimension axis.   is: chart   is: graphic ✍

precision — the number of digits that a number has in its mantissa.   opposite: magnitude   aka: granularity   mentioned: complex, fixed, float, uint ✍

product — reduces an iterable collection of numbers to the product of all the values with mul and unit as a basis. values are not necessarily numbers.   related: mul, sum ✍

radix32 — a number of radix 32, including a visually unambiguous subset of the alphanumeric character set, appropriate for transmitting license keys through meat space†. ✍

radix36 — a number of radix 36, the number of characters in the set of digits followed by lower case letters.   latin: sextrigenary   aka: hexatridecimal, hextri ✍

radix64 — a number of radix 64, the number of characters in the set of digits followed by lower and upper case letters followed by two punctuation marks, and including the equal sign for "padding" since not all streams of bytes are divisible evenly into the 6-bit digits of radix 64 numbers.   latin: quattuorsexagenary   aka: base64 ✍

rational — a number that can be represented as a fraction.   rational numbers can have an infinite, repeating portion of their mantissa and can be represented by a numerator and denominator from the integer domain.   distinct: real ✍

seed — seed a random number generator.   returns a random number generator with an initial seed.   random number generators tend to produce consistent sequence of numbers for a given seed.   aka: srand   mentioned: hash ✍

sum — reduces an iterable collection of numbers to the sum total of all the values with add and zero as a basis. values are not necessarily numbers.   related: add, product   python: sum(sequence, start=0) -> value Returns the sum of a sequence of numbers (NOT strings) plus the value of parameter 'start'. When the sequence is empty, returns start.†   aka: array sum ✍

tab step — the length in the number of columns between the columns that a tab character would advance the cursor to, a tab stop.   related: tab stop   mentioned: expand ✍

trom — seuss: remove a number of objects from the end of a linear collection.   see: trim end   aka: trim end   related: trim ✍

uint — a magnitude-limited natural number.   an unsigned int, meaning the most significant bit, the big end, does not represent whether the int is positive or negative, but rather adds another bit of precision.   distinct: natural, whole ✍

unit — returns the multiplicative identity of a class, object, or group. this is a value that when multiplied by any value of a particular class, returns the same value. for numbers, strings, and most other values, this is the value of one (1). for a matrix, this is a square matrix with unit 1's along the diagonal and zero 0's elsewhere.   related: zero, unary   related: div, mul   mentioned: dec, inc, product ✍

identity: x mul x.class.unit = x

unsigned — pertains: integers that can only represent natural numbers, using their big bit like any other bit, to represent magnitude.   opposite: signed   is: int   mentioned: uint, uint16, uint32, uint64 ✍

zero — returns the arithmetic identity of a class, object, or group. this is a value that when added to any value of a particular class returns the same value. for numbers, this is the value of zero (0). for any collection class, this is an empty collection. for a string, this is a null string, "". for a tuple, this is the nuple.   related: unit   related: add, false, sub ✍

identity: x add x.class.zero = x

positive — a unary boolean function that returns whether a value is ge zero.   opposite: negative   related: abs   distinct: pos   is: sign   mentioned: cardinality, integer, natural, signed, true, uint, whole ✍

negative — a unary boolean function that returns whether a value is lt zero.   opposite: positive   related: neg   distinct: neg   is: sign   mentioned: abs, false, integer, signed, uint ✍

bitwise — pertains to functions that operate on integer values as an ordered linear collection of boolean bits.   bitwise functions all conceptually apply the corresponding logical function on the respective bits   includes: and2, or2, nand2, nor2, xor2, nxor2, not2   distinct: binary, boolean, logical   classes: and2, nand2, nor2, not2, nxor2, or2, xor2 ✍