Codish Lexicon

stateless — an attribute of a function that connotes that a function will always return the same result for given input.   opposite: stateful   classes: abs, absolute, add, div, first, mul, pad, reversed, slice, sub   mentioned: expression, getset, transitive ✍

stateful — an attribute of a function that indicates that a function may not always return the same result for given input because the result depends on state like an input stream or scope values.   opposite: stateless   related: idempotent   see: state   classes: complete, getset, reverse, update   mentioned: closure, count, in place, statement ✍

abs — absolute value.   returns the positive reflection of negative integers, returning positive numbers as they were.   a transitive function that maps integers into the natural number line.   distinct: absolute   is: stateless, idempotent   related: neg   python: abs(number) -> number Return the absolute value of the argument.†   perl: [number]: absolute value function†   php: absolute value &dagger.   distinct: pos   related: positive ✍

absolute — returns the fully qualified path for a given path and the cwd.   is: stateless, idempotent   distinct: abs, normal, canonical ✍

add — returns the result of adding values arithmetically.   opposite: sub   is: arithmetic, stateless   related: zero   python: set: Add an element to a set. This has no effect if the element is already present.†   related: bale, or, sum   aka: concat, merge, plus   distinct: extend   mentioned: complexity function, end, identity, magnitude, neg, non polynomial time, signed ✍

div — divide.   opposite: mul   is: multiplicative, stateless   related: reciprocal, unit   mentioned: atan, identity, radix64 ✍

first — returns the first element of a linear collection.   is: stateless   opposite: last   related: pop   seuss: opposite: forst   pertains: ordered   mentioned: chain, head, heap array, index, peek, queue, shift, tip ✍

mul — multiply.   oppostie: div   is: multiplicative, stateless   related: unit   related: and, product   aka: array product   opposite: div   mentioned: complexity function, identity, linear logarithmic time, linear time, neg, non polynomial time, reciprocal ✍

pad — pad a numeric string with a particular character, "0" by default, on either the left or right side or into the "center" or distributed among the interpolated spaces as in justify, by default left, so that the resultant string has a given minimum length.   is: stateless   related: sprintf   related: center   aka: zfill ✍

example: pad("1", 3) eq "001"

example: pad("1", 3, " ") eq " 1"

reversed — returns the reversed form of an iterable.   is: stateless   distinct: reverse   opposite: reversed   python: reversed(sequence) -> reverse iterator over values of the sequence Return a reverse iterator.†   aka: array reverse   mentioned: ed, next ✍

slice — returns the corresponding values for a given range of indicies (indexy).   is: stateless   python: slice([start,] stop[, step]) Create a slice object. This is used for extended slicing (e.g. a[0:10:2]).†   aka: array slice   mentioned: indices ✍

sub — calculates a difference of the latter from the former.   opposite: add   commute: diff   distinct: subscript   is: arithmetic, stateless   related: zero   perl: [control flow]: declare a subroutine, possibly anonymously; see: [function]†   mentioned: identity ✍

expression — an element of a program's syntax, typically used to express stateless computation through function application (apply), including algebraic operators.   aka: term   mentioned: destructure, eval, heap array, literal, lvalue, return, statement, whether ✍

getset — dict: get the value for a given key, beforehand setting the value for the key to a default if no key exists yet.   is: stateful   distinct: get with a default value is stateless as it does not modify the object when it returns the default value.   pertains: collection ✍

transitive — going consistently from a source to a target, as a directed edge in a graph or as a stateless unary function.   see: transitive function, transitive relation   mentioned: ancestors, descendants ✍

state — data that is relevant to the flow of an algorithm at a particular time, sometimes representable as a cursor pointing at a vertex in a graph or machine.   the cursor in a machine.   an observable state sends a signal when a cursor arrives at the state.   aka: stateful   mentioned: continuation, iteration, protocol ✍

idempotent — (1.) of unary functions, converging on a return value when reapplied, as when the returned value of one application is passed back as a parameter.   a unary function, f, is idempotent iff f(x) eq f(f(x)).   (1.a.) an attribute of a unary function that denotes whether the function is idempotent for all values in its domain.   (2.) of binary functions, returning the same value when that value is passed to both parameters.   a value is idempotent for a binary function iff f(x, x) eq x.   a binary function, g, is idempotent iff f(x, x) eq x for all x in its domain.   (2.a.) a binary function that returns whether a particular value is idempotent for a given binary function, meaning f(x, x) eq x.   (2.b.) an attribute of a binary function that denotes whether the function is idempotent for all values in the domain of both parameters.   classes: abs, absolute, normal   related: stateful ✍

complete — to copy the items from a source dictionary to a target if no item exists on the target collection with the respective key.   complete(target, source)   related: update   distinct: ready, done   is: stateful   concept: pertains to trees for which every leaf has the same depth, and every other child has a vertex for every possible child edge.   pertains: dict   see: done ✍

reverse — to reverse a linear collection in place.   is: stateful   distinct: reversed   opposite: reverse   aka: tac   python: list: L.reverse() reverse *IN PLACE*.†   perl: [list]: flip a string or a list†   aka: array reverse ✍

update — to copy all items from a source dict to a target, overwriting any existing items with the corresponding key, but preserving all other items.   related: complete   is: stateful   python: dict: D.update(E, **F) -> None. Update D from E and F: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] (if E has keys else: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v) then: for k in F: D[k] = F[k].†   python: set: Update a set with the union of itself and another.†   pertains: dict   distinct: extend, merge ✍

stream — a source or target for an ordered progression of values, usually characters in text by way of read and write. input streams are iterable.   is: iteration ✍

scope — an object that associates symbols or names with values for a block of code and can include a ref to another scope to defer to if a symbol does not exist, conceptually forming a stack with the current scope at the head.   related: function   aka: lexical scope   distinct: local   mentioned: closure, context, def, enclosure, global, keyword, stateful, var ✍

value — data of any class.   see: def, variable   aka: datum   related: dict ✍

closure — a function and a ref to the frame it was defined in.   an object that represents a function (for behavior) and the context in which it was created at run-time (for stateful data captured in the scope).   the availability of closures in a language is predicated on run time gc of scopes, with a scope tree instead of a scope stack.   related: enclosure, function ✍

count — a stateful destructive operation that returns the number of values in an iteration.   distinct: length   python: list: L.count(value) -> integer return number of occurrences of value.†   python: str: S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.†   python: unicode: S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in Unicode string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.†   php: count all elements in an array, or properties in an object &dagger.   distinct: len   pertains: iterable   mentioned: fewest, most, range ✍

in place — concept: to statefully modify an object, such that the returned object is the modified parameter or context object.   mentioned: extend, push, unshift ✍

statement — an element of a program's syntax that may express stateful operations like assignment, control flow like if and while, or the evaluation of an expression.   mentioned: apply, block, control flow, exec, lvalue, return ✍

neg — arithmetic negation.   number: mul -1.   integer: returns the two's complement, which means to not2 then add 1.   distinct: not, not2, negative   related: abs, negative   mentioned: scalar, signed ✍

positive — a unary boolean function that returns whether a value is ge zero.   opposite: negative   related: abs   distinct: pos   is: sign   mentioned: cardinality, integer, natural, signed, true, uint, whole ✍

pos — temporal: position.   distinct: positive, abs, index, key   perl: [regex]: find or set the offset for the last/next m//g search†   php: alias of current() &dagger.   see: index   aka: position   mentioned: remove, shift, time, unshift ✍

negative — a unary boolean function that returns whether a value is lt zero.   opposite: positive   related: neg   distinct: neg   is: sign   mentioned: abs, false, integer, signed, uint ✍

integer — pertains to number values that are positive, negative, and zero, but have no mantissa.   integers have arbitrary magnitude.   distinct: int   distinct: natural, whole   mentioned: abs, bitwise, genericity, pointer, rational, real, ref ✍

transitive function — concept: a unary function that consistently returns the corresponding value in a range for a given key in a domain.   distinct: relation, binary relation, transitive relation ✍

map — a function that returns the respective values for an linear collection of keys and a transitive function.   commute: each   python: map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list Return a list of the results of applying the function to the items of the argument sequence(s). If more than one sequence is given, the function is called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding item of each sequence, substituting None for missing values when not all sequences have the same length. If the function is None, return a list of the items of the sequence (or a list of tuples if more than one sequence).†   perl: [list]: apply a change to a list to get back a new list with the changes†   aka: array map   pertains: iterable   related: pair   mentioned: abs, binary relation, enumerate, equivalence relation, font, zip with ✍

natural — pertains to number values that are positive or zero.   natural numbers have arbitrary magnitude.   distinct: integer, whole, uint   mentioned: abs, binary, digit, unsigned ✍

number — concept: a whole, natural, integer, real, or complex numeric value.   a transitive function that returns the corresponding number, usually limited to a subset of the real domain like int or float. ✍

normal — file system: returns the one equivalent path that does not include parent ("..") and self (".") path components.   is: idempotent   distinct: canonical, absolute   geometry: a binary relation between a line and a plane that returns whether the line is perpendicular with every intersecting line in the plane.   distinct: perpendicular, orthogonal ✍

canonical — distinct: absolute, normal   aka: canonicalize   mentioned: canonize, path ✍

path — a list of edges that a cursor can traverse starting at a given vertex and stoping at another.   related in the context of file system paths: normal, absolute, canonical   aka: segment, segments   related: edges   mentioned: canonize, parent ✍

cwd — the current working deirectory   aka: pwd   unix: pwd   mentioned: absolute ✍

zero — returns the arithmetic identity of a class, object, or group. this is a value that when added to any value of a particular class returns the same value. for numbers, this is the value of zero (0). for any collection class, this is an empty collection. for a string, this is a null string, "". for a tuple, this is the nuple.   related: unit   related: add, false, sub ✍

identity: x add x.class.zero = x

bale — transforms an iterable into a list of accumulated sub-lists of a given length.   related: zip, add   aka: xargs   pertains: iterable ✍

baled([1, 2, 3, 4]) eq [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

baled([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3) eq [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

baled([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3) eq [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]

baled([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3, 0) eq [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 0]]

shell idiom: input | xargs -n 2

or — logical disjunction.   related: and, or2, union, add   opposite: and, nor   mentioned: le, nor2, nxor, xor ✍

Truth Table

	X	Y	X or Y
0	false	false	false
1	false	true	true
2	true	false	true
3	true	true	true

sum — reduces an iterable collection of numbers to the sum total of all the values with add and zero as a basis. values are not necessarily numbers.   related: add, product   python: sum(sequence, start=0) -> value Returns the sum of a sequence of numbers (NOT strings) plus the value of parameter 'start'. When the sequence is empty, returns start.†   aka: array sum ✍

arithmetic — includes: add, sub, diff, zero   is: math   classes: add, exponential, multiplicative, sub ✍

extend — python: to augment a linear collection in place by adding all of the values of another collection to the end.   javascript: the idiom for extend in javascript is to call push variadically, as in this.push.apply(this, other).   presently has no codish name.   distinct: update, add   related: push   python: list: L.extend(iterable) extend list by appending elements from the iterable.†   mentioned: poshy ✍

concat — to add ordered linear collections like strings and arrays.   see: add   see: cat ✍

merge — see: add, format   distinct: patch, zip, update ✍

plus — see: add ✍

set — to assign a value for a key in an item.   in math, a set is a collection of unique values that meet certain criteria. to avoid ambiguity, such collections are called bags in codish, or uniques in seuss.   distinct: unique, bag   pertains: collection   python: set(iterable) -> set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements.†   distinct: put, save, set attr   aka: store ✍